賞析被動語態(tài)的用法與結(jié)構(gòu)
(作者未知) 2011/1/28
一、被動語態(tài)的使用情況
被動語態(tài)是英語中的兩大語態(tài)之一,它表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)通常在以下情況下使用:
(1)不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者。如:
It is found that Tom was murdered and the police has taken action to look into the case.
句意為“有人發(fā)現(xiàn)湯姆被殺,警方已采取行動調(diào)查此事”。顯然“謀殺”這個動作的執(zhí)行者是未知的,此時用被動語態(tài)更適宜。
(2) 沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者。如:
Fresh fruit is sold in this market.
句意為“這個市場出售新鮮水果”。“出售”這個動作的執(zhí)行者是人人皆知的,沒有必要指出具體是誰。
(3) 強調(diào)動作的承受者。如:
“A Tale of Two Cities” was written by Dickens.
句意為“《雙城記》的作者是狄更斯”。此處“A Tale of Two Cities”是句子的重心,即主語是強調(diào)的對象, 但這并不是說by引起的狀語不重要,如果把它們?nèi)サ簦湟獠煌暾?
(4) 為了句式的變化或句子結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡。如:
The leader was killed by a terrorist who was arrested immediately after the exploding.
句意為“那位領(lǐng)導人被一個恐怖分子殺害了,爆炸事件發(fā)生后這個恐怖分子立即被逮捕了”。這句話如果用主動語態(tài)表達,整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)就會顯得頭重腳輕。又如:
The government is going to build a new school next year and it is going to be built in the poor village.
句意為“明年政府要建一所新的學校,就建在那個貧困村”。如果后一句也用主動語態(tài)表達, 前后兩個句子的句式相同, 句子結(jié)構(gòu)便顯得呆板、啰嗦。
(5) 有些情況如公告、 通知、 報紙標題等,有時用被動語態(tài)(被動結(jié)構(gòu))更適宜。如:
No books are to be taken out of the reading room. 書籍不得帶出閱覽室。(公告)
You are asked to be punctual for the examination. 大家務(wù)必準時到達考場。(通知)
Some people kidnapped!平民遭綁架。▓蠹垬祟})
二、 被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)
一般來說,只有需要動作對象的及物動詞(短語)才有被動語態(tài)。動作的執(zhí)行者一般由介詞by引起的短語來表示(by短語常可以省略)。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be +過去分詞”構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)以動詞do為例,列出常用的八種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。
(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時: is / am / are + done。如:
How is this word pronounced? 這個單詞怎么發(fā)音?
(2) 一般過去時: was / were + done。如:
She was asked to sing a song. 大家要求她唱首歌。
(3) 一般將來時: will / shall + be done或is / am / are going to + be done。如:
Some of you will be sent to America for further training. 你們中有些人將被送到美國接受進一步的培訓。
The trees are going to be planted in this area. 這些樹將被種植在這個區(qū)域。
(4) 現(xiàn)在進行時: is / am / are + being done。如:
The classroom is being cleaned by the students. 學生們正在打掃教室。
(5) 現(xiàn)在完成時: have / has + been done。如:
All the work has been finished. 所有工作都已完成了。
(6) 過去進行時: was / were + being done。如:
Mom told me tha(未完,下一頁)
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