觀念主義,還是語言主義?
(作者未知) 2011/4/28
內(nèi)容提要:二十世紀(jì)初,盡管存在著在哲學(xué)意向、哲學(xué)目標(biāo)與風(fēng)格、哲學(xué)論題與方法之間的一致性,在石里克、維特根斯坦與胡塞爾之間仍然發(fā)生過一場爭論、甚至可以說是直接的沖突:問題主要涉及對本質(zhì)直觀的理解。它首先通過石里克和胡塞爾之間的相互批評而表露出來,此后又在石里克與維特根斯坦的談話中得到繼續(xù)。本文首先是對此沖突的一個(gè)回顧,但本文的基本意圖并不僅僅在于對這個(gè)至此為止一直被忽略的歷史事實(shí)的發(fā)掘和再現(xiàn)——這只構(gòu)成本文第一節(jié)的主題,而主要在于對爭論問題的重申與分析:什么是觀念存在?什么是對它的觀念直觀?——這是本文第二、三節(jié)的討論內(nèi)容。盡管在第三節(jié)的結(jié)尾處已經(jīng)給出了一個(gè)對胡塞爾與維特根斯坦各自立場的小結(jié),第四節(jié)仍然保持總結(jié)的形式,但眼光有所放開,一直擴(kuò)展到對兩種時(shí)代精神的觀察上:觀念主義的和語言主義的。
關(guān)鍵詞:胡塞爾 維特根斯坦 石里克 本質(zhì)直觀 觀念存在 邏輯-經(jīng)驗(yàn) 現(xiàn)象學(xué)
ABSTRACT: At the beginning of the 20. Century, although consistencies in regard to philosophical intention, aim, style, thesis and method, it has happened a controversy, indeed a conflict, between Schlick, Wittgenstein on the one side, and Husserl on the other side. The problem refers mostly to the understanding of Wesensschau (ideation). It first emerges from the mutual criticism between Schlick and Husserl, hereafter is continued in Schlick’s and Wittgenstein’s conversation. This text is firstly a review of this conflict, however, its basic intention lies not in to disinter and represent this always being neglected historical fact, which only constitutes the subject of the first section, but mainly in to reiterate and analyze the question: Whether the ideal being is possible Whether the ideation of it is possible This constitutes the contents of discussion in the second and third section. Although a brief account of Husserl’s and Wittgenstein’s standpoints has already been given at the end of the third section, the fourth section still maintains the form of summarizing, but the visual angle is expanded as far as possible to observe the both kinds of the Zeitgeist: the idealism and the lingualism.
KEYWORDS: E. Husserl, L. Wittgenstein, M. Schlick, ideation, ideal being, logical-empirical, phenomenology
一、引論
時(shí)值二十世紀(jì)二十年代,邏輯實(shí)證主義與現(xiàn)象學(xué)都還算是新興的哲學(xué)思潮。固然,比較而言,在兩個(gè)哲學(xué)派別的代表人物中胡塞爾的年齡較長,因此已有幾部重要著作問世并引起巨大效應(yīng):撇開1910年在《邏各斯》發(fā)表的長文“哲學(xué)作為嚴(yán)格的科學(xué)”不論,《邏輯研究》在1900和1901年初次發(fā)表之后,在1913和1921年已經(jīng)出版了加工修改后的第二版;《純粹現(xiàn)象學(xué)與現(xiàn)象學(xué)哲學(xué)的觀念》第一卷也在1913年問世。而在邏輯實(shí)證主義方面,石里克于1918年已經(jīng)出版了《普通認(rèn)識論》,并于1925年再版;卡爾納普則在1928年出(未完,下一頁)
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