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Manahan, Stanley E. "FRONTMATTER" Environmental Chemistry Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000電子書
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Manahan, Stanley|CRC Press LLC |
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內(nèi)容簡介：
Manahan, Stanley E. "FRONTMATTER" Environmental Chemistry Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000電子書，共193頁
CONTENTS ____________________________________________________
CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
CHEMISTRY
1.1 What is Environmental Science?
1.2 Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Biochemistry
1.3 Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology
1.4 Ecology and the Biosphere
1.5 Energy and Cycles of Energy
1.6 Matter and Cycles of Matter
1.7 Human Impact and Pollution
1.8 Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offers
CHAPTER 2: THE ANTHROSPHERE, INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
2.1 The Anthrosphere
2.2 Technology and the Anthrosphere
2.3 Infrastructure
2.4 Dwellings
2.5 Transportation
2.6 Communications
2.7 Food and Agriculture
2.8 Manufacturing
2.9 Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth
2.10 Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment
2.11 The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology
2.12 Environmental Chemistry
CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY
3.1 Water Quality and Quantity
3.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance
3.3 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water
3.4 Aquatic Life
3.5 Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry
3.6 Gases in Water
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
3.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water
3.8 Alkalinity
3.9 Calcium and Other Metals in Water
3.10 Complexation and Chelation
3.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes
3.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations
3.13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands
3.14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands
3.15 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA
3.16 Polyphosphates in Water
3.17 Complexation by Humic Substances
3.18 Complexation and Redox Processes
CHAPTER 4: OXIDATION-REDUCTION
4.1 The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena
4.2 The Electron and Redox Reactions
4.3 Electron Activity and pE
4.4 The Nernst Equation
4 5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions
4.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium
4.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole
4.9 The Limits of pE in Water
4.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems
4.11 pE-pH Diagrams
4.12 Corrosion
CHAPTER 5: PHASE INTERACTIONS
5.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water
5.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments
5.3 Solubilities
5.4 Colloidal Particles in Water
5.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays
5.6 Aggregation of Particles
5.7 Surface Sorption by Solids
5.8 Ion Exchange with Bottom Sediments
5.9 Sorption of Gases—Gases in Interstitial Water
CHAPTER 6: AQUATIC MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY
6.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes
6.2 Algae
6.3 Fungi
6.4 Protozoa
6.5 Bacteria
6.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
6.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
6.8 Bacterial Metabolism
6.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon
6.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter
6.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen
6.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur
6.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
6.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids
6.15 Microbial Corrosion
CHAPTER 7: WATER POLLUTION
7.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants
7.2 Elemental Pollutants
7.3 Heavy Metals
7.4 Metalloids
7.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids
7.6 Inorganic Species
7.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication
7.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity
7.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants
7.10 Organic Pollutants
7.11 Pesticides in Water
7.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
7.13 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment
CHAPTER 8: WATER TREATMENT
8.1 Water Treatment and Water Use
8.2 Municipal Water Treatment
8.3 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use
8.4 Sewage Treatment
8.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
8.6 Removal of Solids
8.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
8.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics
8.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
8.10 Sludge
8.11 Water Disinfection
8.12 Natural Water Purification Processes
8.13 Water Reuse and Recycling
CHAPTER 9: THE ATMOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY
9.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
9.2 Importance of the Atmosphere
9.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
9.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
9.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather
9.6 Inversions and Air Pollution
9.7 Global Climate and Microclimate
9.9 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere
9.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen
9.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
9.12 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
9.13 Atmospheric Water
CHAPTER 10: PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE
10.1 Particles in the Atmosphere
10.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere
10.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
10.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation
10.5 The Composition of Inorganic Particles
10.6 Toxic Metals
10.7 Radioactive Particles
10.8 The Composition of Organic Particles
10.9 Effects of Particles
10.10 Water as Particulate Matter
10.11 Control of Particulate Emissions
CHAPTER 11: GASEOUS INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
11.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases
11.2 Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide
11.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO
11.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
11.5 Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
11.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
11.7 Acid Rain
11.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere
11.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds
11.10 Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide
CHAPTER 12: ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
12.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
12.2 Organic Compounds from Natural Sources
12.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons
12.4 Aryl Hydrocarbons
12.5 Aldehydes and Ketones
12.6 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
12.7 Organohalide Compounds
12.8 Organosulfur Compounds
12.9 Organonitrogen Compounds
CHAPTER 13: PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions
13.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
13.4 Overview of Smog Formation
13.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation
13.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
13.7 Inorganic Products from Smog
13.8 Effects of Smog
CHAPTER 14: THE ENDANGERED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE
14.1 Anthropogenic Change in the Atmosphere
14.2 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming
14.3 Acid Rain
14.4 Ozone Layer Destruction
14.5 Photochemical Smog
14.6 Nuclear Winter
14.7 What Is to Be Done?
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
CHAPTER 15: THE GEOSPHERE AND GEOCHEMISTRY
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere
15.3 Physical Form of the Geosphere
15.4 Internal Processes
15.5 Surface Processes
15.6 Sediments
15.7Clays
15.8 Geochemistry
15.9 Groundwater in the Geosphere
15.10 Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere
15.11 Earthquakes
15.12 Volcanoes
15.13 Surface Earth Movement
15.14 Stream and River Phenomena
15.15 Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface
15.16 Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface
15.17 Effects of Ice
15.18 Effects of Human Activities
15.20 Water Pollution and the Geosphere
15.21 Waste Disposal and the Geosphere
CHAPTER 16: Soil Environmental Chemistry
16.1 Soil and Agriculture
16.2 Nature and Composition of Soil
16.3 Acid-Base and Ion Exchange Reactions in Soils
16.4 Macronutrients in Soil
16.5 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil
16.6 Micronutrients in Soil
16.7 Fertilizers
16.8 Wastes and Pollutants in Soil
16.9 Soil Loss and Degradation
16.10 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture
16.11 Agriculture and Health
CHAPTER 17: PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
17.1 Introduction and History
17.2 Industrial Ecosystems
17.3 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem
17.4 Industrial Metabolism
17.5 Levels of Materials Utilization
17.6 Links to Other Environmental Spheres
17.7 Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology
17.8 Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity
17.9 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop
17.10 Life-Cycle Assessment
17.11 Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products
17.12 Design for Environment
17.13 Overview of an Integrated Industrial Ecosystem
17.14 The Kalundborg Example
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
1 7 .1 5 S o c ietal Factors and the Environmental Ethic
CHAPTER 18: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, RESOURCES, AND ENERGY
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Minerals in the Geosphere
18.3 Extraction and Mining
18.4 Metals
18.5 Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology
18.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources
18.7 Phosphates
18.8 Sulfur
18.9 Wood—A Major Renewable Resource
18.10 The Energy Problem
18.11 World Energy Resources
18.12 Energy Conservation
18.13 Energy Conversion Processes
18.13 Petroleum and Natural Gas
18.14 Coal
18.15 Nuclear Fission Power
18.16 Nuclear Fusion Power
18.17 Geothermal Energy
18.18 The Sun: An Ideal Energy Source
18.19 Energy from Biomass
18.20 Future Energy Sources
18.21 Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology
CHAPTER 19: NATURE, SOURCES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes?
19.3 Sources of Wastes
19.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances
19.5 Reactive Substances
19.6 Corrosive Substances
19.7 Toxic Substances
19.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes
19.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
19.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes
CHAPTER 20 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION,
UTILIZATION, AND TREATMENT
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization
20.3 Recycling
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
19.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes
19.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere
19.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere
19.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere
19.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere
19.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere
20.4 Physical Methods of Waste Treatment
20.5 Chemical Treatment: An Overview
20.6 Photolytic Reactions
20.7 Thermal Treatment Methods
20.8 Biodegradation of Wastes
20.9 Land Treatment and Composting
20.10 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal
20.11 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes
20.12 Leachate and Gas Emissions
20.13 In-SituTreatment
CHAPTER 21: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY
21.1 Biochemistry
21.2 Biochemistry and the Cell
21.3 Proteins
21.4 Carbohydrates
21.5 Lipids
21.6 Enzymes
21.7 Nucleic Acids
21.8 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
21.9 Metabolic Processes
21.10 Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds
CHAPTER 22: TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
22.1 Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry
22.2 Dose-Response Relationships
22.3 Relative Toxicities
22.4 Reversibility and Sensitivity
22.5 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances
22.6 Toxicological Chemistry
22.7 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase
22.8 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune
and Reproductive Systems
22.9 Health Hazards
CHAPTER 23: TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms
23.3 Toxic Inorganic Compounds
23.4 Toxicology of Organic Compounds
CHAPTER 24: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER
24.1 General Aspects of Environmental Chemical Analysis
24.2 Classical Methods
24.3 Spectrophotometric Methods
24.4 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
24.5 Chromatography
24.6 Mass Spectrometry
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
24.7 Analysis of Water Samples
24.8 Automated Water Analyses
CHAPTER 25: ANALYSIS OF WASTES AND SOLIDS
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Sample Digestions
25.3 Analyte Isolation for Organics Analysis
25.4 Sample Cleanups
25.5 Immunoassay Screening of Wastes
25.6 Determination of Chelating Agents
25.7 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedures
CHAPTER 26: AIR AND GAS ANALYSIS
26.1 Atmospheric Monitoring
26.2 Sampling
26.3 Methods of Analysis
26.4 Determination of Sulfur Dioxide
26.5 Nitrogen Oxides
26.6 Analysis of Oxidants
26.7 Analysis of Carbon Monoxide
26.8 Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics
26.9 Analysis of Particulate Matter
26.10 Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants
CHAPTER 27: ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND
XENOBIOTICS
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics
27.3 Determination of Metals
27.4 Determination of Nonmetals and Inorganic Compounds
27.5 Determination of Parent Organic Compounds
27.6 Measurement of Phase 1 and Phase 2 Reaction Products
27.7 Determination of Adducts
27.8 The Promise of Immunological Methods
CHAPTER 28: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Elements
28.3 Chemical Bonding
28.4 Chemical Reactions and Equations
28.5 Solutions
CHAPTER 29: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
29.1 Organic Chemistry
29.2 Hydrocarbons
29.3 Organic Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
29.4 Synthetic Polymers
© 2001 CRC Press LLC
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