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An Introduction to Regional Economics電子書
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資料類別
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經(jīng)濟(jì)法律軟件圖書 |
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課程(專業(yè))
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Regional Economics |
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關(guān)鍵詞
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Regional Economics|READINGS |
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適用年級
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大學(xué) |
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身份要求
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普通會員 |
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金 幣
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文件格式
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word |
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文件大小
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2687K |
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發(fā)布時間
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2011-12-28 10:11:00 |
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預(yù)覽文件
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無 |
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下載次數(shù)
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5 |
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lcw |
內(nèi)容簡介：
An Introduction to Regional Economics電子書
contest
Edgar M. Hoover and Frank Giarratani 1
Edgar M. Hoover and Frank Giarratani 1
1 Introduction 1
1.1 WHAT IS REGIONAL ECONOMICS? 1
1.2 THREE FOUNDATION STONES 1
1.3 REGIONAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND THE PLAN OF THIS BOOK 2
SELECTED READINGS 3
ENDNOTES 3
2 Individual Location Decisions 3
2.1 LEVELS OF ANALYSIS AND LOCATION UNITS 3
2.2 OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES FOR LOCATION CHOICE 4
2.3 LOCATION FACTORS 5
2.3.1 Local Inputs and Outputs 5
2.3.2 Transferable Inputs and Outputs 6
2.3.3 Classification of Location Factors 6
2.3.4 The Relative Importance of Location Factors 6
2.4 SPATIAL PATTERNS OF DIFFERENTIAL ADVANTAGE IN SPECIFIC LOCATION FACTORS 8
2.5 TRANSFER ORIENTATION 9
2.6 LOCATION AND THE THEORY OF PRODUCTION 12
2.7 SCALE ECONOMIES AND MULTIPLE MARKETS OR SOURCES 13
2.8 SOME OPERATIONAL SHORTCUTS 13
2.9 SUMMARY 14
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 15
SELECTED READINGS 15
ENDNOTES 16
3 Transfer Costs 17
3.1 INTRODUCTION 17
3.2 SOME ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSFER OPERATIONS 17
3.3 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF TRANSFER COSTS AND RATES 18
3.3.1 Route Systems and Service Points 18
3.3.2 Long-Haul Economies 18
3.3.3 Transfer Costs and Rates 19
3.3.4 Time Costs in Transfer 21
3.4 LOCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSFER RATES 21
3.4.1 Effects of Limited Route Systems and Service Points 22
3.4.2 General Locational Effect of Transfer Rates Rising Less than Proportionally with Distance 22
3.4.3 Modal Interchange Locations 23
3.5 SOME RECENT DEVELOPMENTS CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE OF TRANSFER COSTS 23
3.5.1 Introduction 23
3.5.2 Higher Energy Prices and the Pattern of Industrial Location 24
3.5.3 Technological Change in Data Processing and Transmission 25
3.6 Summary 26
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 26
SELECTED READINGS 26
APPENDIX 3-1 27
Rate Discrimination by a Transfer Monopolist 27
ENDNOTES 27
4 Location Patterns Dominated by Dispersive Forces 28
4.1 INTRODUCTION 28
4.1.1 Unit Locations and the Pattern of an Activity 28
4.1.3 Some Basic Factors Contributing to Dispersed Patterns 29
4.2 MARKET AREAS 29
4.2.1 Introduction 29
4.2.2 The Market Area of a Spatial Monopolist 29
4.2.3 Market-Area Patterns 31
4.3 SOME ASPECTS OF SPATIAL PRICING POLICY AND MARKET AREAS 31
4.3.1 Market-Area Overlap 31
4.3.2 Spatial Price Discrimination 32
4.3.3 Pricing Policy and Spatial Competition 33
4.4 COMPETITION AND LOCATION DECISIONS 34
4.5 MARKET AREAS AND THE CHOICE OF LOCATIONS 35
4.5.1 The Location Pattern of a Transfer-Oriented Activity 35
4.5.2 Transfer Orientation and the Patterns of Nonbusiness Activities 35
4.6 SUMMARY 36
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 36
SELECTED READINGS 36
APPENDIX 4-1 36
Conditions Determining the Existence and Size of Market Areas 36
This reduces to 37
ENDNOTES 37
5 Location Patterns Dominated by Cohesion 39
5.1 INTRODUCTION 39
5.2 EXTERNAL ECONOMIES: OUTPUT VARIETY AND MARKET ATTRACTION 39
5.3 EXTERNAL ECONOMIES: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS 40
5.3.1 Introduction 40
5.3.2 External Economies and Scale 40
5.3.3 Lichtenberg’s Study of "External-Economy Industries" 41
5.4 SINGLE-ACTIVITY CLUSTERS AND URBANIZATION 43
5.4.1 Introduction 43
5.4.2 Urbanization Economies 43
5.4.3 Measuring Urbanization Economies 44
5.5 MIXED SITUATIONS 45
5.5.1 Attraction plus Repulsion 45
5.5.2 Coexistence of Market Areas and Supply Areas, When Both Sellers and Buyers Are Dispersed 45
5.6 SUMMARY 46
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 46
SELECTED READINGS 46
ENDNOTES 46
6 Land Use 47
6.1 WHAT IS "LAND"? 47
6.2 COMPETITION FOR THE USE OF LAND 48
6.3 AN ACTIVITY’S DEMAND FOR LAND: RENT GRADIENTS AND RENT SURFACES 49
6.3.1 Rent Gradients and Surfaces with Output Orientation 49
6.3.2 Rent Gradients and Rent Surfaces with Input Orientation 50
6.3.3 Rent Gradients and Multiple Access 51
6.4 INTERACTIVITY COMPETITION FOR SPACE 51
6.4.1 A Basic Sequence of Rural Land Uses 51
6.4.2 Activity Characteristics Determining Access Priority and Location 52
6.5 RURAL AND URBAN LAND USE ALLOCATION 52
6.5.1 Some Characteristics of Urban Economic Activity 53
6.5.2 Equilibrium of Land Uses and Rents 54
6.6 RESIDENTIAL LOCATION 54
6.7 RENT AND LAND VALUE 56
6.7.1 Speculative Value of Land 56
6.7.2 Improvements on Land 56
6.8 SUMMARY 56
SELECTED READINGS 57
APPENDIX 6-1 57
Derivation of Formulas for Rent Gradients and Their Slopes 57
ENDNOTES 59
7 The Spatial Structure of Urban Areas 60
7.1 INTRODUCTION 60
7.2 SOME LOCATION FACTORS 60
7.2.1 Independent Locations 60
7.2.2 The Center 61
7.2.3 Neighborhood Externalities 61
7.2.4 Scale Economies and Urban Land Use 61
7.3 SYMMETRICAL MONOCENTRIC MODELS OF URBAN FORM 62
7.3.1 Bases of Simplification 62
7.4 DIFFERENTIATION BY SECTORS 64
7.6 EXPLAINING URBAN FORM 65
7.7 CHANGES IN URBAN PATTERNS 65
7.7.1 General Effects of Urban Growth 66
7.7.2 Changes in Density Gradients for Major Types of Urban Activity 67
7.7.3 Location of Commodity-Exporting Activities 67
7.7.4 Location of Administrative and Other Information-Processing Activities 69
7.7.5 Residential Location 70
7.7.6 Location of Consumer-Serving Activities 71
7.8 SUMMARY 72
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 72
Monocentric urban models 72
SELECTED READINGS 72
ENDNOTES 73
8 The Location of Urban Places 75
8.1 INTRODUCTION 75
8.2 THE FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF CITIES 75
8.2.1 Some Simplifying Assumptions 75
8.2.2 Shapes of Trading Areas 75
8.2.3 A Hierarchy of Trading Areas 76
8.2.4 Some Practical limitations 77
8.2.5 Generalized Areas of Urban Influence 77
8.3 TRADE CENTERS IN AN AMERICAN REGION-THE UPPER MIDWEST STUDY 78
8.4 ACTIVITIES EXTRANEOUS TO THE CENTRAL—PLACE HIERARCHY 78
8.5 TRENDS IN URBAN PATTERNS 80
SELECTED READINGS 83
APPENDIX 8-1 83
Trading-Area Boundaries Under Reilly’s Law see link 83
Reilly’s Law may now be stated as 83
APPENDIX 8-2 84
ENDNOTES 84
9 Regions 86
9.1 THE NATURE OF A REGION 86
9.2 DELIMITING FUNCTIONAL REGIONS 88
9.3 RELATIONS OF ACTIVITIES WITHIN A REGION 88
9.3.1 Vertical Relationships 88
9.3.2 Horizontal Relationships 89
9.3.3 Complementary Relationships 89
9.4 REGIONAL SPECIALIZATION 90
9.4.1 A Classification of U.S. Metropolitan Regions 90
9.4.2 Some Quantitative Measures of Specialization and Concentration 91
9.5 SUMMARY 91
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 92
Homogeneous region 92
ENDNOTES 92
10 The Location of People 93
10.1 INTRODUCTION 93
10.2 A LOOK AT SOME DIFFERENTIALS 93
10.2.1 Differentials in Pay Levels 93
10.2.2 Income Differentials 94
10.2.3 Differentials in Living Costs and Real Income 94
10.3 THE SUPPLY OF LABOR AT A LOCATION 94
10.3.1 Work Location Preferences and Labor Mobility 94
10.3.2 Who Migrates: Why, When, and Where? 95
10.4 LABOR ORIENTATION: THE DEMAND FOR LABOR AT A LOCATION 99
10.5 THE RATIONALE OF LABOR COST DIFFERENTIALS 100
10.5.1 Where Are Labor Costs Low? 100
10.5.2 Indirect Advantages of Labor Quality 101
10.5.3 Institutional Constraints on Wages and Labor Costs 101
10.5.4 Complementary Labor 102
10.6 LABOR COST DIFFERENTIALS AND EMPLOYER LOCATIONS WITHIN AN URBAN LABOR MARKET AREA 102
10.7 SUMMARY 103
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 104
Spatial mobility 104
ENDNOTES 105
11 How Regions Develop 106
11.1 SOME BASIC TRENDS AND QUESTIONS 107
11.1.1 Relative Regional Growth in Population 107
11.1.2 Regional Trends in Per Capita Income 107
11.1.3 Regional Structural Changes 108
11.2 WHAT CAUSES REGIONAL GROWTH? 109
11.2.1 Self-Reinforcing and Self-Limiting Effects 109
11.2.2 Demand and Supply as Determinants of Regional Development 109
11.3 THE ROLE OF DEMAND 109
11.3.1 Economic Base Theory and Studies 109
11.3.2 Regional Input-Output Analysis 111
11.4 THE ROLE OF SUPPLY 113
11.5 INTERREGIONAL TRADE AND FACTOR MOVEMENTS 114
11.5.1 Mobility of Labor and Capital Among Regions 114
11.6 INTERREGIONAL CONVERGENCE 115
11.7 THE ROLE OF CITIES IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 117
11.8 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 118
11.9 SUMMARY 118
APPENDIX 11-1 119
Further Explanation of Basic Steps in Input-Output Analysis 119
APPENDIX 11-2 120
Example of an Input-Output Table with Households Included as an Endogenous Activity 120
ENDNOTES 121
12 Regional Objectives and Policies 123
12.1 THE GROWING CONCERN WITH REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT 123
12.2 OBJECTIVES 125
12.2.1 Individual and Social Welfare Criteria 125
12.2.2 Regional Economic Growth as a Goal 126
12.2.3 Regional Objectives in a National Setting 126
12.3 REGIONAL PATHOLOGY: THE EMERGENCE OF "PROBLEM AREAS" 128
12.3.1 Backward Regions 128
12.3.2 Developed Regions in Recession 128
12.3.3 Excessive Growth and Concentration 129
12.3.4 Comparison of Characteristics of Problem Areas 130
12.3.5 Regional Structure and Economic Health 130
12.4 THE AVAILABLE TOOLS 131
12.5 BASIC ISSUES OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 132
12.5.1 The Four Issues 132
12.5.2 Should Jobs Move to People, or People to Jobs? 133
12.6 THE ROLE OF GROWTH CENTERS 134
12.6.1 Applicability of the Growth-Center Strategy to Different Types of Problem Areas 134
12.6.2 Justification for Focusing Employment Stimulus in Growth Centers 135
12.6.3 Size and Number of Growth Centers 136
12.6.4 Migration to Growth Centers 137
12.7 ASPECTS OF UNITED STATES REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 138
12.7.1 ARA and EDA 138
12.7.2 The Regional Commissions 139
12.8 SUMMARY 140
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 140
People prosperity 140
APPENDIX 12-1 141
The Shift-Share Analysis of Components of Regional Activity Growth 141
See section 12.3.2 and 12.3.5 141
ENDNOTES 142
13.1 INTRODUCTION 145
13.2 DOWNTOWN: PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES 145
13.2.1 Declining Levels of Activity 145
13.2.2 Congestion 146
13.2.3 Amenity 146
13.2.4 Some Responses 146
13.3 URBAN POVERTY 147
13.3.1 Dimensions of Urban Poverty 147
13.3.2 Some Policy Considerations 148
13.4 TRANSPORTING PEOPLE 149
13.4.1 Some Transport Problems 149
13.4.2 Approaches to Solution 150
13.5 URBAN FISCAL DISTRESS 152
13.5.1 Some Economic Effects of Fiscal Distress 152
13.5.2 Some Problems and Policy Responses 153
13.5.3 Federal Programs for Urban Development 154
13.6 THE VALUE OF CHOICE 155
13.7 SUMMARY 156
TECHNICAL TERMS INTRODUCED IN THIS CHAPTER 156
Ghetto 156
Congestion costs 156
Congestion tolls 156
SELECTED READINGS 156
ENDNOTES 157
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